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Chicago Manual of Style Citations
American Psychological Association (APA) Bibliographic Citations
Source:
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC. Ref BF 76.7 P83 2001
I. Preparation of the Reference List
The reference list is a list of the sources of information that you have made use of in researching your paper; to provide such a list is to document and support your work, and it enables your readers to follow where you have gone, identifying and locating each of your sources. The reference list is to be double-spaced and to appear at the end of your paper, with the individual items arranged alphabetically by authors' last name. Items that are not identified by the author or authors appear in the same alphabetical list by their titles.
References to Books
Book, Single Author
Zuriff, G. E. (1985). Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction. New York
Columbia University Press.
Edited Book, Edition Other Than First
Steinhauer, P. D., & Rae-Grant, Q. (Eds.) (1983). Psychological problems of the
child in the family (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Nicholson, M. (1983). Psychoanalysis and human nature. In Forbes I. & Smith S.
(Eds.), Politics and human nature (pp. 103-115). New York: St. Martin's.
References to Electronic Media
Abstract on CD-Rom
Katz, L. F. & Gotttman, J. M. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict
children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Developmental
Psychology 29, 940-950. Abstarct retrieved October 10, 2001 from PsycInfo database.
On Line Sources
Stocker, C. M., Lanthier, R.P., & Furman W. (1997). Sibling relationships in
early adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology 11, 210-221. Retrieved November
4, 1999 from FirstSearch on-line database.
Databases Accessed Via the Web
Neufeld, R. W. J. (1999). Dynamic differentials of stress and coping. Psychological
Review 106, 385-397. Retrieved November 9, 1999 from Web of Science
database http://webofscience.com/
eBooks Accessed Via NetLibrary
Wells, G. (1999). The Tillamook [Online]. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State
University Press. NetLibrary. NetLibrary. 22 May 2001.
Reference to Periodicals
Journal Article, One Author
Allan, L. G. (1993). Human contingency judgments: Rule based or associative?
Psychological Bulletin, 114, 435-448.
Journal Article , More Than One Author
Dixon, W. A., Hepner, P.P., Burnett, J. W., Anderson, W.P., & Wood, P.K.
(1993). Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants and consequences of
problem-solving appraisal and depressive systems. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 40, 357.
Newspaper Articles
Graham, E. (1985, October 29). Dental-phobia specialists soothing fears with
behavioral psychology. The Wall Street Journal, p. 31.
Journal Published Annually
Ben-Ari, R. , & Amir, Y. (1986). Psychology in a developing society: The case of
Israel. Annual Review of Psychology, No. 37, 17-41.
References to Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia
Published Proceedings
Coltheart, M. (1984). Sensory memory: A tutorial review. In H. Bouma & D. G.
Bouwhuis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on
Attention and Performance (pp. 259-285). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Unpublished Paper Presented at a Meeting
Stockin, B. C. (1984, April). Arousal and expression of anger: A function of locus
control? Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association,
Los Angeles.
Reference to Reviews
Book Review
Richards, R. J. (1985). Animal psychology: A historical view, [Review of the book
From Darwin to behaviorism: Psychology and the minds of animals.] Science,
228 , 862.
References to Technical and Research Reports
Report Available from the Government Printing Office (GPO)
National Institute of Mental Health, (1981). Depression disorders: Causes and
treatment (DHHS Publication No. ADM 81-1081). Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
Report Available From the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
Rumelhart, D. E. & Norman, D.A. (1983). Representation in memory. (Report
No. ONR-8302; UCSD-CHIP 116). San Diego: University of California, Center
for Human Information Processing. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
ED 235770)
II. Documenting Your Sources in Text using Reference Citations
Citing an author's work in the text of the paper offers credibility to your work, indicates the source of information in which the readers may find your data, and supplies the reader with a link to the source in the reference list at the end of the paper. Be sure that if an author is cited in the text, the complete citation is in the reference list. For sources with authors place the author's surname and the publication year in parentheses at the appropriate point in the text. For sources without an author, put the first two or three words of the title and the year of publication in parentheses. Use quotation marks around the title of an article and underline the title of a journal or book.
Basic Format of Author-Date Method of Citation
Text of paper with author-date method of citation:
Behaviorism is a philosophy of science and mind that involves empirical
background theory and represents a certain set of values (Zuriff, 1985).
Book referred to in the reference list:
Zuriff, G. E. (1985). Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction. New
York: Columbia University press.
Modern Language Association (MLA) Bibliographic Citations
Print Copy: Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: MLA, 1999. Call No. Ref Desk LB 2369 G53 1999
I. Preparing the list of "Works Cited"
The works cited appears at the end of a paper, it should be double spaced within and between sources, and should be arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title (omitting a, an, the). The first line should be aligned with the left margin. The second line should be indented 1/2 inch from the left margin.
Works Cited
A Book: Single Author
Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language and Human Culture. New York:
Pantheon, 1998.
A Book: Two or More Authors
[For more than three authors, name only 1st followed by et al.]
Marquart, James W., Sheldon Ekland Olson, and Jonathan R. Sorensen. The Rope, the Chain and the
Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas. Austin: U of Texas, 1994.
A Work in an Anthology or Compilation
Feldman, Paula R., ed. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1997.
A Multivolume Work
[When using one volume of a set, cite the volume used]
Doyle, Arthur C. The Oxford Sherlock Holmes. Ed. Owen Dudley Edwards. Vol. 6 New York: OxFord
UP, 1993.
[When using two or more volumes of a multi volume set, cite the total number of volumes in the set.]
Schlesinger, Arthur M. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties. 4 vols. New York: Chelsea, 1973.
An Encyclopedia
Kiernan, Brian. "Australian Novel." Encyclopedia of the Novel. Ed. Paul Schellinger. 2 vols. Chicago:
Fitzroy, 1998.
A Government Publication
United States. Cong. Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack. Hearings. 79th
Cong. , 1st and 2nd sess. 32 vols. Washington: GPO, 1946.
A Periodical Article in a Continuously Paged Scholarly Journal
Baranczak, Stanislaw. "The Polish Complex." Trans. Jaroslaw Anders and Lynne Shapiro. Partisan
Review 51 (1984):433 – 441.
An Article in a Scholarly Journal the Pages Each Issue Separately
Barthelme, Frederick. "Architecture." Kansas Quarterly 31.3-4 (1981) : 77-80.
An Article for a Weekly Magazine
[For daily and weekly magazines give complete date.]
[For monthly magazines give month and year.]
Amelar, Sarah. "Restoration of 42nd Street." Architecture Mar 1998: 146-50.
An Article form a Daily Newspaper
Lohr, Steve. "Now Playing: Babes in Cynerspace." New York Times 3 Apr 1998: C1+.
An Editorial
"Death of a Writer." Editorial. New York Times 20 Apr 1994, late ed., A18.
A Review
Towers, Robert. "Mystery Women." Rev. of Cat’s Eye, by Margaret Atwood. New York Review of
Books 27 Apr. 1989:50-51.
An Interview
Gordiner, Nadine. Interview. New York Times 10 Oct 1991, late ed.: C25.
ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS http://www.mla.org
Online Scholarly Project of Information Database
CNN Interactive. 9 Apr 1998. Cable News Network. 9 Apr 1998 <http://www.cnn.com>
eBooks from NetLibrary
Wells, G. (1999). The Tillamook [Online]. Cornvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. NetLibrary.
NetLibrary. 22 May 2001.
Material from an Online Service Subscribed to By the Library
Bak, John S. "Escaping the Jaundiced Eye." Studies in Short Fiction 31 (1994): 39-47. InfoTrac
Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group. J. Eugene Smith Library, 21 Apr. 2001 <http://www.galegroup.com/>
Material from Online Government Publication
United State. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Trends in the Well-Being of America’s Children and
Youth 1998. 2 Mar. 2000 < http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/98trends/trends98.htm>
Material from a Periodically Published Database on CD-ROM
Gere, Anne Ruggles, ed. Roots in the Sawdust: Writing to Learn Across the Disciplines.
Urbana: NCTE, 1985. ERIC. CD-ROM. Silverplatter. 1991.
Material from a Nonperiodically Published Database on CD-ROM
Braun, A. Macbeth by William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager, 1992.
II. Documenting Your Sources Using Parenthetical Documentation within Text
Place references in parentheses in the text of the paper. The parenthetical reference should proceed the concluding punctuation mark. The information in the parentheses should include the author’s name and the specific page(s), and should refer to the same source in the "Works Cited." Place the parenthetical reference as near as possible to the material it documents, preferably at the end of a sentence. If a source does not have an author, use a shortened version of the title instead.
Basic Format of Parenthetical Documentation
[Text of Research paper with parenthetical reference]
Mary Reid’s 1856 novel, The Quadroon, formed the basis of Dion Boucicaults 1859 play, The Octoroon (Hart 621).
Variations of Parenthetical Documentation
[If the author’s names are mentioned in the text of the paper, place only the page numbers in the parenthetical reference.]
Barickman, MacDonald, and Stark have noted this relationship (10-11).
[If the author’s name is referred to in the sentence / paragraph you are referencing, include that name and page numbers in the parenthetical reference. ]
This argument has been presented previously (Morgan 6: 119).
[When citing two works in a single parenthetical reference, cite author and page in the basic format using a semicolon between authors.]
Romanticism is centered on the individual (Moravecevich 55; Holman 682).
[When citing one of two works or more works by the same author, insert a comma after the last name of the author, add the title of the work (short version if necessary) and the page number(s). ]
Edgar Allen Poe was an important prophet of Symbolism (Wilson, Axel’s Castle, 12).
Chicago Manual of Style Citations
CMS Format Bibliographic Citations
Print Copy: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual of Terms Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed., rev. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Call No. Ref. LB 2369 T8 1996
Preparing Your Bibliography
The bibliography is a list of sources used in writing a research paper. A bibliography should contain the title of every source used regardless of if it is cited within the paper (for cited works see Reference List below). It should at the end of the paper and should be arranged alphabetically by author’s family name. The first line of each entry should be flush with the left margin and subsequent lines are indented 5 spaces. The bibliography is single spaced within sources and double spaced between sources. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
Documenting Sources Using Footnotes or Endnotes
Footnotes and endnotes, cite the authority for statements within the text of a paper by documenting the sources of information. Use footnotes that appear at the bottom of the paper or endnotes that appear in a numerical list at the end of the paper. Footnotes and endnotes should be single spaced within notes and double spaced between notes.
Documenting Sources Using Parenthetical References (Author-Date System)
Parenthetical references, cite the authority for statements within the text of a paper by documenting the source of the information. Use the author’s name and date of publication enclosed in parenthesis. Place the parenthetical reference in the text just before a mark of punctuation at the end of a sentence.
Preparing the Reference List
The reference list or "works cited" is a list of sources cited / quoted within the research paper. The publication citations are arranged just like those for bibliographies (as stated above). The year of publication immediately follows the name of the author. Only the first word of book titles/subtitles and periodical articles are capitalized. Titles of periodical articles should not have quotation marks.
I. EXAMPLES
BOOK : SINGLE AUTHOR
Bibliography
Forer, Lois G. A Chilling Effect : The Mounting Threat of Libel and Invasion of Privacy Actions to the
First Amendment. NewYork: W.W. Norton and Company, 1987.
Note
1 Lois G. Forer, A Chilling Effect: The Mounting Threat of Libel and Invasion of Privacy Actions to the
First Amendment (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1987), 392.
Parenthetical Reference
(Forer 1987, 275)
Reference List
Forer, Lois G. 1987. A Chilling effect: The mounting threat of libel and invasion of privacy actions to the
First Amendment. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
BOOK: TWO OR MORE AUTHORS
Bibliography
Rapoport, Ronald B., Alan I. Abramowitz, and John McGlennon. The Life of the Parties. Lexington, KY:
University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
Note
2 Ronald B. Rapoport, Alan I. Abramowitz, and John McGlennon, The Life of the Parties (Lexington,
KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), 15.
Parenthetical Reference
(Rapoport, Abramowitz, and McGlennon 1986, 15)
Reference List
Rapoport, Ronald B., Alan I. Abramowitz, and John McGlennon. 1986. The Life of the Parites. Lexington,
KY: University Press of Kentucky.
BOOK : A WORK IN A COLLECTION
Bibliography
Ostriker, Alicia. The Thieves of Language. In Coming to light: American Woman Poets in the
Twentieth Century, ed. DianeWood Middlebrook and Marilyn Yalom, 256-299. Ann Abor: University of
Michigan Press, 1985.
Note
3 Alicia Ostriker, The Thieves of language. In Coming to Light: American Women Poets in the
Twentieth Century, ed. Diane Wood Middlebrook and Marilyn Yalom (Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press, 1985), 255.
Parenthetical Reference
(Ostriker 1985, 225)
Reference List
Ostriker, Alicia. 1985. The thieves of language. In Coming to light: American woman poets in the
twentieth century, ed. Diane Wood Middlebrook and Marilyn Yalom, 256-299. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press.
ARTICLE IN JOURNAL
Bibliography
Anderson, V.D. Migrant and Motives: Religion and the Settlement of New England, 1630-1640. New
England Quarterly 58 (September 1986): 339-83.
Note
4 V.D. Anderson, Migrant and Motives: Religion and the Settlement of new England, 1630-1640, New
England Quarterly 58 (September 1986) : 359.
Parenthetical Reference
(Anderson 1986, 359)
Reference List
Anderson, V.D. 1986. Migrant and motives: Religion and the settlement of New England, 1630-1640.
New England Quarterly 58 (September) : 359.
ARTICLE IN MAGAZINE
Bibliography
Watson, R. The High Cost of NATO. Newsweek, 7 march 1988, 54.
Note
5 R. Watson, The High Cost of NATO, Newsweek, 7 March 1988, 54.
Parenthetical Reference
(Watson 1988, 54)
Reference List
Watson, R. 1988. The high cost of NATO. Newsweek, 7 March, 54.
ARTICLE IN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
Note
6 Winslow Ames and David M. Kunzle. Caricature, Cartoon, and Comic Strip, in Encyclopedia
Britannica, 15th ed.
Parenthetical Reference
(Winslow Ames and David M. Kunzle Caricature, cartoon and comic strip. In
Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed.)
ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER
Note
7 Stuart Taylor Jr., Court, 5-3, Widens Power of Schools to Act as Censors, New York Times, 14
January 1988 A1(L).
Parenthetical Reference
(Stuart Taylor Jr., Court, 5-3, widens power of schools to act as censors. New York Times, 14 January
1988, A1(L).
BOOK REVIEW IN A JOURNAL
Bibliography
Wilhelmus, Tom. Review of American Pastoral, by Phillip Roth. Hudson Review 50 (Autumn 1997) :
519-21.
Note
8 Tom Wilhelm, Review of American Pastoral, by Phillip Roth, Hudson Review 50 (Autumn 1997): 520.
Parenthetical Reference
(Wilhelmus 1997, 520)
Reference List
Wilhelmus, Tom. 1997 Review of American Pastoral, by Phillip Roth. Hudson Review 50 (Autumn) :
519-21.
PUBLISHED INTERVIEW
Bibliography
Toni Morrison, The Art of Fiction CXXIV: Toni Morrison, interview by Schappell and Claudia
Brodsky Lacour, Paris Review, 35 (Fall 1993): 82-125.
Note
9 Toni Morrison, The Art of Fiction CXXXIV: Toni Morrison. Interview by Elissa Schappell and
Claudia Brodsky Lacour, Paris Review, 35 (fall 1993): 82.
Parenthetical Reference
(Morrrison 1993, 86)
Reference List
Morrison, Toni. 1993 The Art of Fiction CXXXIV: Toni Morrison. Interview by Elissa Schappell and
Claudia Brodsky Lacour. Paris Review, 35 (Fall) : 82-125.
MATERIAL THROUGH INFORMATION SERVICE
Bibliography
Corley, Ed. Teacher Perception Regarding Block Scheduling: Reactions to change. Paper presented at
the annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Chicago, Il., 18 October 1997.
ERIC, ED 412 641.
Note
10 Ed Corley, Teacher Perceptions Regarding Block Scheduling: Reactions to Change, paper presented at
the annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Chicago, Il., 18 October 1997,
ERIC, ED 412 641. 359.
Parenthetical Reference
(Corley 1997)
Reference List
Corley, Ed. 1997. Teacher perceptions regarding clock scheduling: Reactions to change. Paper presented at the
annual meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association, Chicago, Il., 18 October, ERIC,
ED 412 641.
HEARINGS
Bibliography
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Parental Leave: Hearing before the Committee on
Small Business. 100th Cong., 1st sess., 4 August 1987.
Note
11 Congress, House, Committee on Small Business, Parental Leave: Hearing before the Committee on
Small Business, 100th Cong., 1st sess., 4 August 1987, 139.
Parenthetical Reference
(U.S. Congress, House 1987, 134)
Reference List
U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. 1987. Parental leave: Hearing before the
Committee on Small Business. 100th Cong., 1st sess., 4 August 1987.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT DOCUMENTS
Bibliography
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, AIDS, A Public Health
Challenge: State Issues, Policies and Programs, vol. 1 , by Mona Rowe and Caitlin Ryan. Washington
D.C., 1987.
Note
12 Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, AIDS, A Public Health Challenge:
State Issues, Policies, and Programs, vol. 1, by Mona Rowe and Caitlin Ryan. (Washington, D.C., 1987),
I-9.
Parenthetical Reference
(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1987, I-9)
Reference List
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services. 1987. AIDS, a public health
challenge: State issues, policies, and programs, vol. 1, by Mona Rowe ad Caitlin Ryan. Washington, D.C.
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS
Bibliography
Toni Morrrison. In Contemporary Authors, Database on-line. Gale Group, 1999. Accessed 2 December 1999.
Note
13 Toni Morrison, in Contemporary Authors [database online] (gale Group, 1999, accessed 2
December 1999), p.4.
Parenthetical Reference
(Toni Morrison 1999, 4)
Reference List
Toni Morrison 1999. In Contemporary Authors, Database on-line. Gale Group. Accesses 2 December
1999.
EBOOKS / NETLIBRARY
Bibliography
Wells, Gail. The Tillamook. Cornvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 1999.
NetLibrary. 22 May 2001. < http://www.netlibrary.com/ >.
Note
14 Wells, Gail, The Tillamook (Cornvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 1999), 212.
Parenthetical Reference
(Wells 1999, 212)
Reference List
Wells, Gail. 1999. The Tillamook. Cornvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
NetLibrary. 22 May 2001. < http://www.netlibrary.com/ >.
II. CITING REFERENCES IN FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES
MORE THAN ONCE
When fully citing one book or journal by author …..
BOOK
First Reference
7 Ann Beattie, Falling in Place: A Novel (New York, Random House, 1980), 300.
Subsequent
8 Beattie, Chille Scene, 16-17.
9 Beattie, Falling In Place, 302.
JOURNAL
First Reference
10 Max Gluckman, The Utility of the Equilibrium Model in the Study of Social Change, American
Anthropologists (April 1968): 219-221.
Subsequent
11 Gluckman, Zulu Empire, 167.
12 Gluckman, Utility of the Equilibrium Model, 222.
When fully citing the same book or journal title again but not in sequence, repeat the information in a shortened form….
BOOK
First Reference
13 Susan H. Aiken, Isak Dinesen and the Engendering of Narrative, Women in Culture and Society
Series (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 326.
14 Anders Westwnholz, The Power of Aries: Myth and Reality in Karen Blizen’s Life, trans. Lise
Kure-Jensen (Baton Rouge: Louisianna State Univeristy Press, 1987), 95.
Subsequent
15 Aiken, 330-335.
JOURNAL
First Reference
16 L. Scott Quackenbush and L.L. Keeley, Regulation of Vitellogenesis in the Fiddler Crab, Vca
Pugilator, Biological Bulletin 175 (December 1988): 330.
Subsequent
17 Roger John Desmond, Adolescents and Music Lyrics: Implications of a Cognitive Perspective,
Communication Quarterly 35 (Summer 1987): 276-278.
18 Quakenbush and Keeley, 330.
III. VARIATION IN PARENTHETICAL REFERENCES
If the author’s name is part of the sentence, only enclose the date in parenthesis.
As Ostriker (1985) so aptly described …..
If citing more than one book or journal article by the same author in the same text reference, cite each author, date and page in the basic format, separated by semicolons.
(Beattie 1976, 110; Beattie 1980, 95)
If citing more than one book or journal article by different authors in the same text reference, cite each author, date and page in the basic format, separated by semicolons.
(Aiken 1990, 326; Westenholz 1987, 95)
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